Extreme Accounting Numbers Deserve a Closer Look

Jul 10, 2026

Earnings persistency is one of the stock characteristics that our A+ Investor Quality Grade takes into consideration. Specifically, the Quality Grade looks at how reliant a company is on accruals to boost its earnings. This reliance matters because it indicates whether a company has a greater risk of writing down earnings in the future.

Accrual accounting recognizes transactions when their economic benefits become probable. This practice makes corporate earnings easier to forecast since they aren’t dependent on how quickly or slowly customers pay their invoices. It would be very difficult to forecast earnings for a specific period if corporations used cash accounting.

Risks arise when current earnings are more attributable to accruals than to cash flow. When earnings exceed operating cash flow, they are less likely to persist in the future—a factor known as the “accrual anomaly.” This is because the changes in current accruals are primarily attributable to changes in accounts receivable (money owed by customers) and inventories. These two balance sheet items are subjective and require management projections about what will likely occur in the future.

The notion of the accrual anomaly is credited to University of California, Berkeley, accounting professor Richard Sloan. Sloan’s research showed that companies with low accruals outperform, while companies with high accruals underperform. Follow-up studies found that profits from using the anomaly are most likely to be realized in stocks with lower levels of volume. These are the same stocks that have high trading costs for institutional traders.

Recent research suggests that the picture is more complex. University of Oklahoma professor C.S. Agnes Cheng and University of Central Arkansas professor Jing Fang found the link between accruals and stock returns to be even more nuanced than Sloan documented. In a recently released working paper, they demonstrate that both very high and very low accruals are associated with more severe mispricing.

Companies with the lowest 20% and the highest 20% of accruals are mispriced more severely than companies whose accruals are closer to the median. Extreme-accrual companies tend to be smaller, younger and more operationally volatile. Their historical financials do a worse job of predicting future earnings. Analyst forecasts for these companies are more dispersed and less accurate. Institutional investors own less of these stocks, and fewer analysts cover them.

This combination makes such stocks harder to value. Furthermore, when pricing mistakes occur, those mistakes get corrected more slowly. How this gets reflected in returns depends on whether a stock is undervalued or overvalued to begin with. The mispricing produces two distinct patterns.

Returns of Stocks by Their Accrual Quintile

First, undervalued stocks experience U-shaped returns based on their level of accruals. The highest returns are realized by stocks with the lowest amount of accruals. Returns decrease toward the middle quintiles, before rising again for stocks whose accruals rank in the top 20%. Note that the stocks with the lowest level of accruals still outperform the stocks with the highest level of accruals.

Second, overvalued stocks experience inverted U-shaped returns based on their level of accruals. The least negative returns are realized by stocks in the middle quintiles. Stocks whose accruals rank in the lowest or highest 20% have worse returns than those in the middle, with the highest-accrual stocks experiencing the most negative returns. All returns here are negative because these are overvalued stocks; the correction means that they earn negative future returns as the mispricing gets fixed.

The practical takeaway is that unusual accounting numbers—at either extreme—deserve extra scrutiny. A company reporting exceptionally clean earnings might be a bargain, or it might be a smaller, less-followed firm whose financials are harder to read than they appear. The same caution applies to a company whose reported earnings look unusually strong on paper but aren’t backed by operating cash flow.

American Association of Individual Investors

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